Switching User and Switching Group -

Command	Purpose	Key Options	Example
`su`	Switch user or execute commands as another user	`-` (start login shell), `-c command` (run command as another user)	Example:
			1. Switch to user `john`: `su - john`
			2. Run a command as `john`: `su -c "ls /home/john" john`
`sudo`	Execute commands as another user or root	`-u user` (run as another user), `-i` (run as login shell)	Example:
			1. Run a command as `john`: `sudo -u john ls /home/john`
			2. Start a new login shell as `john`: `sudo -u john -i`
`newgrp`	Change the current group ID during a session	None	Example:
			1. Switch to the `developers` group: `newgrp developers`
`sg`	Run a command with a different group ID	`group` (group name)	Example:
			1. Run `ls` with `developers` group ID: `sg developers -c "ls /home"`

Switch User with su:
- Switch to user john:bashCopy codesu - john This switches to user john and starts a new login shell. You will be prompted for john‘s password.
- Run a command as john:bashCopy codesu -c "ls /home/john" john This runs the ls /home/john command as user john without switching to their shell.
Execute Commands as Another User with sudo:
- Run a command as john:bashCopy codesudo -u john ls /home/john This runs ls /home/john as user john, using sudo for privilege escalation.
- Start a new login shell as john:bashCopy codesudo -u john -i This starts a new interactive shell as user john, similar to su - john.
Change Group ID with newgrp:
- Switch to the developers group:bashCopy codenewgrp developers This changes the current group ID to developers within the current shell session, affecting file creation and permissions.
Run Commands with a Different Group ID using sg:
- Run ls with the developers group ID:bashCopy codesg developers -c "ls /home" This runs the ls /home command with the developers group ID.

Switching User and Switching Group