Disk Free and Disk Usage
The df Command
The first way to manage your partition space is with the df (disk free) command. The command df -k (disk free) displays the disk space usage in kilobytes, as shown below −
$df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vzfs 10485760 7836644 2649116 75% /
/devices 0 0 0 0% /devices
$
Some of the directories, such as /devices, shows 0 in the kbytes, used, and avail columns as well as 0% for capacity. These are special (or virtual) file systems, and although they reside on the disk under /, by themselves they do not consume disk space.
The df -k output is generally the same on all Unix systems. Here’s what it usually includes −
| Sr. No. | Column & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Filesystem The physical file system name |
| 2 | kbytes Total kilobytes of space available on the storage medium |
| 3 | used Total kilobytes of space used (by files) |
| 4 | avail Total kilobytes available for use |
| 5 | capacity Percentage of total space used by files |
| 6 | Mounted on What the file system is mounted on |
You can use the -h (human readable) option to display the output in a format that shows the size in easier-to-understand notation.
The du Command
The du (disk usage) command enables you to specify directories to show disk space usage on a particular directory.
This command is helpful if you want to determine how much space a particular directory is taking. The following command displays number of blocks consumed by each directory. A single block may take either 512 Bytes or 1 Kilo Byte depending on your system.
$du /etc
10 /etc/cron.d
126 /etc/default
6 /etc/dfs
...
$
The -h option makes the output easier to comprehend −
$du -h /etc
5k /etc/cron.d
63k /etc/default
3k /etc/dfs
...
$
Mounting the File System
A file system must be mounted in order to be usable by the system. To see what is currently mounted (available for use) on your system, use the following command −
$ mount
/dev/vzfs on / type reiserfs (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nodiratime)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
$
The /mnt directory, by the Unix convention, is where temporary mounts (such as CDROM drives, remote network drives, and floppy drives) are located. If you need to mount a file system, you can use the mount command with the following syntax −
mount -t file_system_type device_to_mount directory_to_mount_to
For example, if you want to mount a CD-ROM to the directory /mnt/cdrom, you can type −
$ mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
This assumes that your CD-ROM device is called /dev/cdrom and that you want to mount it to /mnt/cdrom. Refer to the mount man page for more specific information or type mount -h at the command line for help information.
After mounting, you can use the cd command to navigate the newly available file system through the mount point you just made.
Unmounting the File System
To unmount (remove) the file system from your system, use the umount command by identifying the mount point or device.
For example, to unmount cdrom, use the following command −
$ umount /dev/cdrom
The mount command enables you to access your file systems, but on most modern Unix systems, the automount function makes this process invisible to the user and requires no intervention.
User and Group Quotas
The user and group quotas provide the mechanisms by which the amount of space used by a single user or all users within a specific group can be limited to a value defined by the administrator.
Quotas operate around two limits that allow the user to take some action if the amount of space or number of disk blocks start to exceed the administrator defined limits −
- Soft Limit − If the user exceeds the limit defined, there is a grace period that allows the user to free up some space.
- Hard Limit − When the hard limit is reached, regardless of the grace period, no further files or blocks can be allocated.
There are a number of commands to administer quotas −